USA > Pennsylvania > A gazetteer of the state of Pennsylvania : a part first, contains a general description of the state, its situation and extent, general geological construction, canals, and rail-roads, bridges, revenue, expenditures, public debt, &c. &c. ; part second, embraces ample descriptions of its counties, towns, cities, villages, mountains, lakes, rivers, creeks, &c. alphabetically arranged > Part 77
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" In the present state of the river, and after every thing shall have been done, which can be done to improve the descending navigation, by the nat- ural channel, the immense and increas- ing trade of the Susquehannah will continue to be, as it has hitherto boen, divided between New York and Bal- timore. Nothing can save it, nor the other advantages before enumerated, to the state, or direct it to Philadel-
boundary of the state to the Pennsyl- vania canal, along the valley of the Susquehannah. It is certainly worth contending for, and if not secured it will not be on account of deficiency in facilities and means. Of the first, na- ture has been liberal in her gifts ; of the last the state can furnish abun- dance."
Mr. Scott makes a statement to prove, that the tolls upon such a canal would pay a full interest upon the capi- tal employed in its construction ; but as the state has concured with him, that the trade of the Susquehannah is worth contending for, and has already made the canal along its banks 1261 miles from Columbia to the Wyoming valley, and will in due season extend it to the state line, it is not necessary to exhibit here the elements of his cal- culation. But we may properly state his views of the practicability of the whole route, as it forms an interesting feature of this highly interesting val- ley.
"From thesurvey of Mr. Bennet, it is ascertained, that the total distance from the northern line of the state upon the Tioga or Chemung river to North- umberland is 161 miles 18 chains ; total fall 343,413 feet ; from the state line on the Susquehannah to Northum- berland is 161 miles 18 chains; fall 337,093 feet."
" From the surveys already made and from the geological structure of Pennsylvania, it is doubted whether there can be found within her limits, so great a distance in so direct a line, requiring so little lockage. The aver- age fall per mile in the whole distance is but a fraction more than two feet, and from the head of the Wyoming valley to Northumberland, a distance of seventy one miles, including the two principal falls upon this branch of the river, the Nanticoke and Nesco- peck, the average fall per mile is a fraction less than one foot nine ins."
" The Susquehannah and its tributa- ries afford abundant supplies of water, and it is believed they may be used at
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every desirable point, as feeders to a canal."
" From the report of Mr. Bennet it appears also, that the proportion of rock excavation will be unusually small, when compared with the dis- tance, on either side of the river ; and that the soil throughout the whole ex- plored route is principally alluvial, composed of clay and sand ; and some mixture of ground, in which clay pre- dominates, is of firm texture, and of easy excavation."
" It is also believed that few, if any of the narrow passes, where the bases of the mountains or hills composed of rock, form the banks of the river, present greater difficulties in the con- struction of a canal, than are to be met with at Peters, Short and the Kittatin- ny mountains ; and that no point upon the whole line presents impediments so formidable, as are found at Butler's falls upon the Delaware, where the canal of the Hudson and Delaware ca- nal company is now in successful pro- gress."
We shall conclude the description of this noble river which we repeat, we trust, is to be kept, Pennsylvania's own, because the most certain means of her increase in wealth and happi- ness, by a notice of the width of the river in various places and of the great bay into which it pours its waters. At the great bend far above the point of union of the Tioga with the main stream, the river is 600 feet wide. At Wilkesbarre it is 700 ft., at Nescopeek and Berwick 1256 feet ; at Lewisburg 1120 feet ; at Northumberland 1825 feet; at Harrisburg 2876; at Co- lumbia 5690; but at McCall's ferry the river is contracted to 600 feet, by high and rocky margins, and its chan- nel marred by many and lofty rocks. At all the places we have mentioned bridges have been thrown over the riv- er, and other have been erected at Duncan's island and at Danville. The Chesapeake bay, into which the river empties, is the most extensive and pe- culiar in the United States. Its length from N. to S. is 175 miles ; through
its western bank flow many large trib- utary streams, the chief of which are James and York rivers, Rappahanock, Potomac, Patuxent and Patapsco.
Port Deposit is on the left bank of the Susquehannah in Cecil county, Ma- ryland, at the head of tide water and about a mile below the lowest bridge over the river. Here the produce not sold above is accumulated, and was for- merly transferred to sloops and whol- ly sent to Baltimore. Since the com- pletion of the Delaware and Chesa- peake canal, however, a considerable portion of the Susquehannah produce is brought to its legitimate market ; and some hundred sloops laden with it are borne by the canal and the river Dela- ware to the city of Philadelphia. When by sound policy and vigorous exertion of her abundant strength, Philadelphia shall have gained the whole of this trade, then, but not till then, she will obtain the full return for her already heavy expenditure.
Susquehannah according to Mr. Chapman and Mr. Heckewelder, is derived from the Indian word Saosque- haanunk, meaning long, crooked river.
Swamp Churches, post town, New Hanover t-ship, Montgomery county, 16 miles north of Norristown ; contains a Lutheran church and a German Re- formed church,fa post office, a tanyard, 2 taverns, 2 stores, and 8 dwellings.
Swamp creek, rises in Pike t-ship, Berks co., and flows S. E. through Douglass, New Hanover and Fred- erick t-ships into the Perkiomen creek. It is a mill stream, has many mills up- on it, but is not navigable.
Swamp creek, another tributary of the Perkiomen creek, rises in Milford t-ship, Bueks co., and flows S. into Marlborough t-ship, Montgomery co., where it unites with its recipient.
Swamp creek, a mill stream and tributary of the Cocalico creek, rises and has its whole course in Cocalico t-ship.
Swan tavern, post office, Lancaster co. Hempfield t-ship, on the turnpike road from Lancaster to Harrisburg, about 6 miles from the former.
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Sicutura creek, or river, for it claims that rank, rises in Schuylkill co., on the S. side of the Broad mountain, about 15 miles S. W. of Orwigsburg, and cutting its way through the Sharp and Second mountains, flows by Pine Grove village, and enters Lebanon co. on the N. E. angle, through which it flows by a very devious course, re- ceiving near the western boundary of the county, the Quitapahilla creek ; thence it flows S. W. through Dauphin co., to the Susquehannah river, near Middletown, having an entire compar- ative course of about 50 miles. The valley of this stream, as far as the Quitapahilla, forms the channel of the Union canal ; from that point a naviga- ble feeder has been constructed to the Great dam in the gorge of the Blue mountain. (See Union Canal in the first part ofthis work.)
Swatara creck, Little, rises at the foot of the Blue mountain in Upper Tulpehocken t-ship, Berks co, and flowing S. W. forms the boundary be- tween Bethel and Tulpehocken t-ships in the same co. ; thence it crosses Bethel and Swatara t-ships, Lebanon co. and falls into the Great Swatara about a mile below Jones'town. It turns, in its course of 'about 20 miles, many mills.
Swatara hill, Pine Grove township, Schuylkill co., a lofty hill which rises between the Blue and Secondl moun- tains, and extends eastwardly through the t-ship.
Swatara, t-ship, Lebanon co., bound- ed N. by Dauphin co., E. by Bethel t-ship, S. by Lebanon, and W. by Annville and East Hanover. Cen- trally distant from the borough of Leb- anon 9 ms. ; greatest length 12 ms., breadth 32 miles ; arca, 15,300 acres; surface N. and S. hilly, centre level ; soil gravelly. Pop. in 1830, 1510 ; taxables, 281. Swatara creek crosses the t-ship between the Blue and the Second mountain, and flows along the whole western boundary, receiving from the t-ship Hole creek, Oil creck, Red run, the Little Swatara and some minor streams. Jones town, the post
town, lies on the Little Swatara near fits confluence with the Great Swatara, on the south of which, Bunker hill is a distinguished eminence.
Swatara, Lower, t-ship, Dauphin co. bounded N. by Susquehannah and Lower Paxton t-ships, E. by Swatara creek, which divides it from Derry and Londerry t-ships, W. and S. W. by the Susquehannah river ; centrally distant from Harrisburg S. E. 5 miles; greatest length 9, breadth 5 miles ; area, 15,800 acres ; surface hilly ; soil limestone and slate. Pop. in 1830, 1822 ; taxablesin 1828, 323 ; taxa- ble property in 1832, $401,029. Be- sides the streams on its boundaries, Spring creek and two other small streams flow into the Susquehannah. The Union canal follows the west bank of the Swatara creek to Middletown, and communicates with the Susque- hannah by an outlet lock, and with the state canal, which pursues the E. bank of the Susquehannah river. The Lancaster and Harrisburg turnpike road passes through Middletown, and a small village called High Spire in the t-ship, and the Harrisburg and Reading turnpike road E. and W. through it. Upon this road is the poor house of the county. Part of the town of Harrisburg is in this town- ship.
Sucden, post t-ship, Potter co., con- tains something more than 100 inhab. itants and 29 taxables. The country has scarcely been explored, and, with very little exception, remains in its na- tive wild state.
Swift run, Mount Pleasant t-ship, Adams co., a tributary of the Cone- wago creek.
Swope town, Earl t-ship, Lancaster co., on the road from Waynesburg to Harrisburg, 13 miles N. E. from the city of Lancaster, a small village.
Sylvania, post office, Bradford co., 263 miles from W. C., and 147 from Harrisburg.
Tafton, post office, Pike co., named after Royal Taft, the post master, 271 miles N. E. of W. C., and 173 from Harrisburg.
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Tallmansville, post office, Wayne co., called after the post master, Elihu Tallman, 278 miles from W. C., 179 from Harrisburg.
Taconey creek, Big, rises in Abing- ton t-ship, Montgomery co., above Shoemaker town, and flows thence S. E. through Cheltenham t-ship, into Philadelphia co., and thence, forming the division between Bristol and Northern Liberty t-ships and Oxford, into the river Delaware, at the village of Bridesburg, and below the U.S. ar- senal, the precincts of which it laves. It is a very excellent mill stream, and turns many mills and manufactories. It receives the Little Tacony cr. from Oxford t-ship, below the borough of Frankford.
Tamaqua, or Little Schuylkill river. The eastern branch of the Schuylkill r. rises in Rush t-ship, Schuylkill co., and near the boundary of Northamp- ton co., and at the foot of the Spring mountain, and by a devious but south- ward course joins the main stream at Port Clinton, on the north side of the Kittatinny or Blue mountain, receiving many small tributaries in its route. Along the valley of this stream a rail road has been constructed, 23 miles in length, from Port Clinton by Tamaqua village into the coal region.
Tamaqua, a post town and village of Rush t-ship, Schuylkill co., on the Tamaqua or Little Schuylkill river, at the head of the rail road, communi- cating with Port Clinton. It was commenced in 1829, and now contains about 30 dwellings, 2 hotels, 3 stores. It is situated in a wild mountainous and barren country, and its prosperity de- pends upon the operations in the coal mines which surround it. Anthracite coal here is abundant and of excellent quality, and found in large veins. It is about 14 miles N. E. of Orwigs- burg, 191 from W. C., and 83 from Harrisburg.
Tamaqua mountain, West Penn t-ship, Schuylkill co., is a western con- tinuation of the Mahoning hill, and crosses the township near its cen- tre.
Tarentum, post town of Deer t-ship, Allegheny co., on the right bank of the Allegheny river, and on the state canal, 18 or 20 miles above Pittsburg, 231 from W. C., and 203 from Har- risburg ; was laid out by Judge Breck- enridge of Florida, and contains be- tween 30 and 40 houses, and is a thriv- ing village.
Taylor'sville, post town of Upper Makefield t-ship, Bucks co., on the bank of the Delaware river, 14 miles S. E. from Doylestown, 169 N. E. from W. C., and 123 E. from Harris- burg and 37 from Philadelphia; con- tains 8 or 10 dwellings, a store and tavern. There is a ferry across the river, but a bridge is about to be erect- ed under an act of assembly, passed in 1831.
Taylor'stown, Buffalo t-ship, Wash- ington co., on the Buffalo creek, 8 ms. W. of Washington borough ; contains 30 or 40 dwellings, several stores and taverns.
Taylor's ferry, over the Delaware river, in Upper Makefield t-ship, Bucks co., about 27 miles from Philadelphia N. E., and 14 miles E. of Doylestown. (See Taylor'sville.)
Taylor's stand, post office, Crawford co., 316 miles N. W. of W. C., and 257 from Harrisburg.
Tell, t-ship, Huntingdon co., bound- ed north by Mifflin co., E. by Frank- lin co., S. by Dublin t-ship, and W. by Springfield and Shirley t-ships. Cen- trally distant from Huntingdon boro' 22 miles ; greatest length 11}, breadth 5 miles ; area, 28,800 acres; surface mountainous ; soil, limestone in the valleys. Pop. in 1830, 824 ; taxa- bles 171. The Tuscarora mountain is on the E. and the Shade mountain on the W . boundary; between them lies the Tuscarora valley, through which runs the Tuscarora cr. In 1828 the t-ship contained 1 grist mill, 1 saw mill and 2 distilleries.
Teonista, t-ship, Warren co., bound- ed N. by the Allegheny river, E. by Kenjua t-ship, S. by Jefferson and Ve- nango counties, and W. by Limestone t-ship. The t-ship is not organized,
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or has lately been organized. lts surface is somewhat hilly. The soil generally pretty good, especially the river and creek bottoms. It is drained by the main and several branches of the Teonista creek.
Ten Mile creek, a considerable tribu- tary of the Monongahela river, form- ed by two great branches, one,the S. branch, rising in Rich Hill t-ship, Green co., flows E. through the whole county to Clarkesville. The N. branch rises in Morris t-ship, Washington co., and flows S. E. also to Clarkesville, whence the united streams run about 3 ms. to the river. Both forks have many branches which are valuable mill streams.
Teonista, t-ship, Venango county, bounded N. by Hickory t-ship, E. by Saratoga t-ship, S. by Pine Grove and Farmington t-ships, and W. by the Allegheny river, which separates it from Allegheny t-ship. Centrally distant 22 miles N. E. from Franklin borough ; greatest length 12, breadth 53 miles ; area, 28,800 acres ; surface hilly ; soil gravelly. Pop. in 1830, 480 ; taxables 134. There is a post office here called after the t-ship.
Teonista creek, or river, rises near the S. boundary of Warren co., and flows N. E. about 12 miles ; then turning to the S. it runs about 10 ms. to the N. boundary of Venango co., thence by a course varying W., S. W. and W. it passes through Bear, Sara- toga and T'eonista t-ships into the Al- legheny river, about 28 miles above the borough of Franklin. It is a large stream formed by many tributaries.
Terrapin Pond creek, Northamp- ton co., a branch of Sandy creck.
Terrace mountain, Union township, Huntingdon co. rises near Stonerstown on the Raystown branch of the Junia- ta river, and runs N. E. about 22 ms. to the main branch of that river, form- ing the W. boundary of Union t-ship.
Terrytown, post town, Bradford co., 253 miles N. W. from W. C., and 142 from Harrisburg, a small village.
Thompson's run, Allegheny co., ri- ses in Plumb t-ship, and flows S. W.
about 7 ms. to Turtle creek, forming in part the boundary between Wilkins and Plumb t-ships.
Thompsonstown, p-t., Fermanagh t-ship, Mifflin co., on, the Juniata r. and state canal, and on the turnpike road leading from Lewistown east- ward, and about 25 ms. from that town; 141 nis. from W. C., and 34 from Harrisburg; contain between 40 and 50 dwellings, 3 taverns and 2 or 3 stores.
Thornbury, t-ship, Chester county, bounded on the E. and S. by Thorn- bury t-ship, Delaware co., on the W. by Birmingham t-ship, and on the N. by West town t-ship. Centrally dis- tant from Phil. 20 ms. N. E .; from West Chester about 4 ms. S. ; length 41, breadth 14 ms .; area, 2240 acres ; surface, level ; soil, sandy loam. Pop. 1830, 183; taxables, 42. Ches- ter creek flows through it eastwardly, and a small tributary of the Brandy- wine r. westerly.
Thornbury, t-ship, Delaware co., bounded N. E. by Edgemont, S. E. by Middletown, S. by Concord, S. W. by Birmingham, and N. W. by Chester co. Central distance from Phil. about 20 ms. W. ; from Chester, 10 ms. N. W. ; surface, hilly ; soil, sandy loam. Pop. 1830, 610; taxa- bles, 124. Chester creek crosses the t-ship S. eastwardly. A small vil- lage centrally situated in the t-ship, is called Thornton. There is a p-o. here, distant 119 ms. from W. C. and 87 from Harrisburg.
Three forges, p-o. of Woodbury t- ship, Bedford co., 140 ms. N. W. of W. C. and 118 W. of Harrisburg.
Three springs, p-o., Huntingdon co., 125 ms. N. W. of W. C. and 73 S. W. from Harrisburg.
Tinicum, t-ship, Bucks co., bound- ed N. and E. by the r. Delaware, S. by Plumstead t-ship, W. by Bedmins- ter, and N. W. by Nockamixon town- ships. Central distance N. from Phil. 37 ms., and 12 ms. N. E. from Doyles- town; greatest length 83, greatest breadth 7 ms. ; area, 18,497 acres ; surface, partly rolling, partly level ;
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soil, sandy loam. Pop. 1830, 2078; | about 704,000 acres. Central lat. taxables, 429. The Tohickon creek runs along its S. boundary ; Tinicum creck traverses the t-ship centrally, and empties into the Delaware oppo- site to an island which bears the name of Tinicum island. There are two churches in the t-ship, a p-o. at Otts- ville on the N. W. boundary, and another at Erwin on the Del. The Delaware canal follows the bank of the r. through the t.ship.
Tinicum creek, and island, (see the preceding article.)
Tinicum, t-ship, Delaware county, bounded by Darby t-ship on the N., by Phil. co. on the E., the r. Del. on the S., and Ridley t-ship on the W. and N. W. Central distance from Phil., about 9 ms. S. W. ; length 3}, by 14. This t-ship is an island form- ed by the Delaware r., Darby creek, and Bow creek. Its soil is rich allu- vion or marsh, and occupied chiefly for grazing farms, upon which vast numbers of cattle are fatted for the Phil. market. A lazaretto is establish- ed here, at which there is a spacious hospital, and also excellent dwell- ings for the resident physician and other officers. Pop. 1830, 182 ; tax- ables, 1828, 30.
Tinicum island, lies opposite the t- ship, above described, in the r. Del., and is included in the t-ship. Hog island is above Tinicum, and also in the county of Delaware.
Tinkertown, a small village on the line dividing Northampton and War- wick t-ships, Bucks co., 20 ms. N. of Phil., 7 ins. S. W. of Doylestown.
41° 46' N., long. 20° W. from Wash- ington city.
The county lies altogether in the great western secondary formation, and abounds in salt, iron and coal. The following geographical and min- eralogical sketch of the county, is from a report of Lieut. G. W. Hughes, to a committee appointed by the citi- zens of Newtown, N. Y., to cause a more thorough investigation of the coal beds, and other minerals on the Tioga, or S. branch of the Chemung river.
Canal port, Peters camp, is situated in lat. 41º 50' N., near the head wa- ters of the Tioga r., in Tioga co., and at a distance of 20 ms. in a right line direction from the southern boundary of N. Y. The distance from thence to the mouth of the fecder of the con- templated Chemung canal, is 12 miles. The Tioga is navigable at certain seasons of the year, within 5 ms. of the canal port,and may be made so at a very little expense to that place. No river offers greater facilities for slack water navigation, than the Tioga. Its waters are generally smooth, but oc- casionally interrupted by small rip- ples, which may, however, be easily obviated or removed ; the bed has few obstructions, and those not of a for- midable nature : and by narrowing the channel an abundance of water may be obtained at any season of the year. The country through which the Tioga flows, is in general smooth and unbroken, with a gradual descent towards the summit level of the Che- mung canal ; the soil is highly produc- tive and thickly settled. The coun- try at Canal port is rough and moun- tainous at a short distance from the r., and in these mountains coal is found, and occurs most abundantly in the eastern range. In a ravine on the N. side of the min. a number of exca- vations have been made. The first indication perceived, is a dark black- ish clay, with occasionally small frag- ments of bituminous coal ; by penetra-
Tioga county, was taken from Ly- coming by act 26th March, 1801. By the act of 21st March, 1806, the seat of justice was established at Wells- borough. In 1808, the county was so far organized as to elect county commissioners, and in 1812, was fully organized for judicial purposes. The county is bounded on the N. by the state of New York, E. by Bradford co., S. by Lycoming, and W. by Potter. It is 35 ms. long by 33 wide. It comprehends 1100 square ms., or ting a short distance, a stratuni of
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shale is found, strongly impregnated; lar and granular oxides ; and they are with bitumen, and continuing the ex- said to be of a quality equal to any in the world. cavation for about six feet, a bed of coal, generally not more than a few inches in thickness when first discov- ered, but becomes 2 or 3 and even 4 fuet thick, penetrating to the distance of 20 feet ; and in some cases the stra- tum of clay and minerals, which alter- nates with the coal, terminates, and the layers of coal unite, forming a single bed. The strata of coal and the alternating strata of minerals seem to be of the wedge like form, the smaller end of the former, and the larger end of the latter, being on the exterior surface of the mtn. ; this ren- ders it demonstrable that the strata of minerals continually decreasing must soon terminate ; the strata of coal con- tinually increasing must soon unite and form the mass of the mtn. This supposition is strengthened by the fact, that wherever excavations are made, coal is invariably found, and that in- dications of it are seen on the very summit, at an elevation of 200 feet above the lowest beds. On the north side of the mtn. sulphuret of iron (py- rites) occurs in the strata of coal in regular layers, and when thrown to. gether in heaps, exposed to the action of the atmosphere, is converted into copperas ; large quantities of which might be manufactured annually, at little or no expense. The argillace- ous oxide of iron is found dissemina- ted through it, in what the miners call kidneys ; a name which they have applied to those small regular mass- es, on account of their peculiar shape. On the S. side the sulphuret is not found, neither are the kidneys as abundant as on the N. The magnet- ic oxide of iron occurs in large thick beds, which alternate with the coal; al single mass of this ore, which has roll- ed down into the ravine, would have weighed half a ton. Iron ore is found in this place in inexhaustible quanti- ties, and consists of the magnetic, red, brown and argillaceous oxides, with the most of their varieties, such as yellow, red, and brown ochre, nodu-
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It is not in this range alone that the coal is found; but it occurs in in- exhaustible quantities on the western side of the river, where it is also ac- companied by an abundance of iron ore. This coal appears to be of the first, or independent formation of Werner, and is associated with the following minerals, to wit: micace- ous and ferruginous sand stone, con- posed of quartz, with mica and feld- spar ; the ores of iron above enumera- ted : shale or argillaccous slate, which is micaceous, and bituminous ; pudding stone, composed of rolled pebbles, ce- mented by a ferruginous sand or clay. Strata of shale are, in a great number of cases, contiguous to the upper and lower surfaces of these beds of coal, constituting the roof and floor of the bed. That which covers the bed is bituminous ; while that which is be- low has imbibed little or no bitumen. Any of the rocks, however, of this formation, may form the roof or floor of a bed of coal.
The coal at Canal port is prin- cipally of the variety called slaty ; but passes by insensible changes into the other varieties. Its color is either pure black or with a slight tinge of brown or grey. It frequently pre- sents an irised or pavonine tarnish. Its structure is foliated or slaty, and its layers usually divide into rhomboi- dal prisms. It is sometimes composed of distinct lamular concretions. Its cross fracture is even or slightly con- choidal, and frequently uneven : its lustre is resinous, more or less shin- ing and sometimes splendent. It is easily broken, and its specific gravity varies from 1.3 to 1.45. It burns casily, with a whitish flame, yielding a black smoke,and a feeble but not un- pleasant bituminous odor. The pro- ducts of combustion are chiefly car- bonic acid and water, and a small quantity of sulphurous acid. The re- mainder, which is never less than three per cent., but frequently much
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