USA > Pennsylvania > A gazetteer of the state of Pennsylvania : a part first, contains a general description of the state, its situation and extent, general geological construction, canals, and rail-roads, bridges, revenue, expenditures, public debt, &c. &c. ; part second, embraces ample descriptions of its counties, towns, cities, villages, mountains, lakes, rivers, creeks, &c. alphabetically arranged > Part 5
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The weather is equally variable during the greatest part of the winter. The mercury has fallen from 37° to 41° below 0 in 24 hours. In this season, nature seems to play at cross purposes ; heavy falls of snow are often succeeded by a thaw which in a very short time leaves no vestige of the snow. The rivers have
* Sec Rush's Memoir on the Climate of Pennsylvania, for other instances of severe, mild and variable weather.
31
CLIMATE.
been frozen so as to bear horses and carriages of all kinds, and thawed so as to be passable in boats, two or three times in the course of the same winter. Ice is commonly formed gradually, and seldom until the rivers have been chilled by snow. Yet sometimes its production is sudden ; and the Delaware has more than once been frozen over in a night, so as to bear the weight of a man.
Frost and ice appear in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, commonly about the latter end of October, or beginning of November. But intense cold is rarely felt until about Christmas. Hence, the vulgar saying, "As the day lengthens, the cold strengthens." The coldest weather is from the middle of January to the 10th of February. As in summer, there are often days in which fires are agree- able, so in winter, they sometimes are incommodious. Vegetation has been ob- served in all the winter months. Garlic was tasted in butter in January, 1781. The leaves of the willow, the blossom of the peach tree, and the flowers of the dandelion, were all seen in February, 1779, and Dr. Rush says that 60 years since, he saw an apple orchard in full bloom, and small apples on many of the trees in the month of December. A cold day in winter is often the precursor of a moderate evening. The greatest degree of cold recorded in Philadelphia, is 5° be- low 0, and of heat, 95°. The standard temperature is 521° which is the temper- ature of our deepest wells, and the mean heat of common spring water.
The spring in Pennsylvania is generally unpleasant. In March, the weather is stormy, variable, and cold. In April, and sometimes far in May, it is moist and accompanied by a degree of cold which has been called rawness. From the variableness of the spring, vegetation advances with unequal pace in different seasons. The colder the spring, the more favorable it proves to the fruits of the earth. The hopes of the farmer from his fruit trees, in a warm spring, are often blasted by frost in April or May, and sometimes even by snow, at a later period. The colder the winter, the greater the delay in the return of spring. Sometimes the weather during the spring months, is cloudy and damp, attended occasionally with gentle rain, resembling the spray from a cataract of water. This weather seldom continues more than two or three days.
The month of June is the only month in the year, which resembles a spring month in the southern countries in Europe. The weather is then generally tem- perate, the sky is serene, and the verdure of the country is universal and delight- ful.
The autumn is the most agreeable season of the year in Pennsylvania. The cool evenings and mornings which generally begin about the first week in Sep- tember, are succeeded by a moderate temperature of the air during the day. This species of weather continues with an increase of cold scarcely perceptible till the middle of October, when the autumn is closed by rain, which sometimes falls in such quantities as to produce destructive freshets in the rivers and creeks; and sometimes descends in gentle showers, which continue with occasional interrup- tions by a few fair days, for two or three weeks. These rains are the harbingers of winter, and the Indians have long since taught us that the degrees of cold during the winter, are in proportion to the quantity of rain which falls during the autumn.
From this account of the temperature of the air, it is apparent, that there are seldom more than four months, in which the weather is agreeable without a fire.
In winter, the winds generally come from the north-west in fair, and from the north-east in wet weather. The north-west winds are dry as well as cold. The winds in fair weather in the spring, and in warm weather in the summer, blow from the south-west and from the west north-west. The south-west winds like- wise usually bring with them those showers of rain in the spring and summer which refresh the earth. They also moderate the heat, when succeeded by a north-west wind. Now and then showers come from the west and north-west.
The moisture of the air is much greater than formerly, occasioned probably by the exhalations, which in former years fell in the form of snow, now descending in rain. The depth of the snow, is sometimes between two and three feet; in 1829-30 it was near four, but in general it is from six to nine inches. IIail fre- quently falls with snow in the winter. At intervals of years, heavy showers of hail fall in the spring and summer. They commonly run in veins of thirty or
32
CLIMATE.
forty miles in length, and from a half mile to two miles in breadth. On such occasions, destruction of grain, grass, and windows, to great value, is not unfre- quent. From sudden changes in the air, rain and snow often fall together, form- ing what is commonly called sleet. In the uncultivated parts of the state, snow sometimes lies on the ground till the first week in April. The backwardness of the spring has been ascribed to the passage of the air over the beds of snow and ice which remain after the winter months have passed, on the north-west grounds and waters of the state, and of the adjacent country.
The dissolution of the ice and snow in the spring is sometimes so sudden, as to swell the creeks and rivers in every part of the state to such a degree, as not only to lay waste the hopes of the husbandman from the produce of his lands, but in some instances to sweep his barns, stables, and even his dwelling into their cur- rents. Of this power of the flood, the years 1784, and 1832, afford memorable examples. The wind, during a general thaw, comes from the south-west or south-east.
The air, when dry, has a peculiar elasticity, which renders the heat and cold less insupportable, than the same degrees of both are in moister countries. It is in those cases only when summer showers are not succeeded by north-west winds, that the heat of the air becomes oppressive, from being combined with moisture. The waters in many parts of the state have diminished considerably. Hence, many mills erected upon large and deep streams of water, now stand idle in dry weather ; and many creeks, once navigable in large boats, are now impassable for canoes. This diminution of the waters is ascribable to the removal of the forest, and the consequent siccation of the land.
The average quantity of water which falls yearly is from twenty-four to twenty-six inches, according to the statement of Dr. Rush. But this would seem much too small, since a table of 20 years, from 1810 to 1829 inclusive, 14 of which were kept by P. Legeaux, Esq. at Spring Mills, and six at the Pennsylvania Hospital, gives 35-16 inches and a table for 10 years ending 1827, kept by Dr. Darlington, of West Chester, gives 49-92 inches. In the first table the high- est was 43-135 in. in 1914, and the lowest 23-354, in 1819. In the last table, the highest was 54-1 inches in 1824, and the lowest, 39-3 inches in 1822.
The aurora borealis and meteors are sometimes seen in Pennsylvania. Storms and hurricanes recur with the intervals of years. They are most frequent and destructive in autumn, and are attended by rain. Trees are torn up by the roots, and streams are suddenly swelled beyond their beds, and do much injury. Most commonly the wind is from the south-east and south-west.
From these remarks we may justly conclude with regard to Eastern Pennsyl- vania that there are no two successive years alike-even the successsive seasons and months differ from each other every year. Perhaps there is but one steady trait in the character of our climate, and that is, it is never steady, but uniformly variable.
Western Pennsylvania is subject to like, perhaps to greater, if not more fre- quent changes than the Eastern portion of the state. It is certainly visited by greater excess of heat and cold. "During the months of July and August, it is not uncommon for the thermometer of Fahrenheit to rise to upwards of 96° in the shade. This high temperature does not endure for many days, nor for many hours of the same day, and only during a southerly wind. The wind veering to the north or north-west, will depress the mercury 10, 20, 30, or 40° in the course of a few hours. During the 27th, 28th, and 29th, January, 1821, the thermometer stood at from 13 to 14° below zero. This was an instance however, of rare and severe cold ; yet in almost every winter the mercury sinks below 0, the north and particularly the north-west wind prevailing. From this low point upon change of wind to the southward, the temperature will rise 10, 20, or 30º in the course of a few hours. In the latter end of March, 1828, the thermometer rose for a few days above 60°; in the beginning of April, it was below the freezing point. In winter, the north-west wind, uninterrupted by mountain and unmitigated by the sea, sweeps with unbroken force over the whole country north-west of the Aller gheny mountain, bearing the rigour of frost from the immense lake of ice, and
33
POPULATION.
wastes of land, buried in snow. In the summer, the south wind from the Gulf of Mexico, following the valley of the Mississippi, blows over land for near two thousand miles, brings an increased degree of heat, which accounts satisfactorily for the high temperature of the summers. The whole of this region is remarka- ble for its healthiness.
POPULATION .-- The population of Pennsylvania has not increased as rapidly, as from her very favorable moral and physical position might have been expected. The causes of her tardy progress in this respect, are most probably the uncertain- ty of title to western lands, occasioned by the most wretched system pursued by the colonial and state governments in disposing of them, and the difficulty and expense in transporting the products of her mines, forests and soil to profitable markets. Both these impediments to her greatness have in a measure ceased. The land titles in most, perhaps in all the counties, are well assured. An exten- sive and magnificent system of intercommunication, executed at the expense of the state, will embrace and unite the most important sections of the country ; and ramifications, at private cost, of her rail roads and canals, will soon open to every productive district a new and expeditious road to market ; and the irresistible at- tractions of plenty and ease, will rapidly fill up the measure of her population.
The state is divided into 52 Counties, considering Philadelphia City and Coun- ty as one. And the following table shows, at one view, the periods at which the several counties were organized ; the population at the decennial periods ; the taxables in 1828, and the assessed value of real estate in the several counties in 1829, so far as we have been able to obtain it.
The elements of the population of Pennsylvania are more various than those of any other portion of the Union. From its first organization, the state has been the asylum of the oppressed of all countries, the permanent elysium of emigrants from the northern states, and the resting place between the present and future life, for the enriched emigrant of the south. The great mass of the present pop- ulation consists of the descendants of English, Irish, German, Scotch, Dutch, Swedes, French and Italian emigrants. The English language is generally spoken, but there are neighborhoods in which the German is almost exclusively used, and we have heard from native Pennsylvanians as broad a brogue as we have ever heard from the lips of a Cannaught man. If the amalgamation of many nations, like that of many metals, would make a composition, brilliant and useful as Corinthian brass, we might look for it in Pennsylvania. From the date of the charter to Pennsylvania, all religions have found equal protection here, and the state consequently possesses a full portion of the variety of Christ- ian professors. The most numerous denominations however, are Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, German Lutherans, German Calvinists, Methodists, Episco- palians, Baptists, Quakers and Moravians.
The Cities of Pennsylvania are three, Philadelphia, Lancaster and Pittsburg; for a particular account of which we refer to their respective letters. The seats of justice in most of the counties are boroughs, and a great proportion of the other towns of the state are also incorporated, experience having taught that the power of continued action obtained by corporate bodies, is equally effective in promoting the convenience and comfort of the citizens, and in surmounting physical difficulties.
The State, as we have seen, is divided into 52 Counties, which are not only territorial districts, but are incorporate entities, endowed with distinct and im- portant powers of self government, entitled also to special representation in the legislature, in proportion to the number of their respective inhabitants.
Of the population of 1830, there were white males, 665,812
Females,
644,088
Coloured free males,
18,377
Females,
19,553
37,930
Slaves .- Males,
172
Females,
231
403
$1,318,233
1,309,900
5
STATISTICAL TABLE OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Taxable!
Counties.
when estab-1
Area in sq ish d imles
1790
[ 1800. 1
1810. |
1820
1830.
Philadelphia City 1682
2
28522
41220
53722
137097
108381
20750
Bucks
1682
600
25401
27496
32371
37842
45745
9076 14422514
Chester
1682
738
27937
32093
39527
44451
50910
/0231 13432000
Lancaster
1729
928
36141
43043
53927
68336
76631
14991 23524103
York*
1749
900
37747
25643
31938
38759
42859
8526
7051458
Cumberland
1750
545
18243
25386
26757
23606
29226
5342
9014941
2
Berks
1752
874
30179
32497
43046
46275
53152
10202
6463328
4
Northampton
1752
1000
24250
30062
38145
31765
39482
7382
6067859
a 4
Bedford
1771
1520
13124
12039
15746
20248
24502
4442
1023275
2
Northumberland
1772
457
17161
27796
36327
15424
18133
3581
2150833
1
Westmoreland
1773
1004
16018
22726
26492
30540
38400
6516
3185801
3
Washington
1781
888
23866
28293
36289
40038
42784
8134
4146422
3
Fayette
1783
824
13325
20159
24714
27285
29172
5897
3650606
2
Franklin
1784
756
15655
19638
23173
31892
35037
6095
6668495
2
Montgomery
1784
450
22929
21150
29683
35793
39406
8242
8594922
3
Dauphin
1785
528
18177
22270
31883
21653
25213
4602
4470799
2
Luzerne
1786
1784
4904
12839
18109
20027
27379
4482
1660985
2
Huntingdon
1787
1185
7568
13008
14778
20142
27145
5009
3273396
2
Allegheny
1788
754
10309
15087
25317
34921
50552
10236
8022230
4
Mifflin
1789
826
7562
13609
12132
16618
21690
4199
2
Delaware
1789
177
9483
12809
14734
14810
17323
3633
1
Lycoming
1795
2290
5414
11006
13517
17636
3081
1206205
c 2
Somerset
1795
1066
10188
11285
13974
17762
3344
1130308
b 2
Greene
1796
600
8605
12544
15554
18028
3141
1081547
1
Wayne
1798
720
2562
4125
4127
7663
1381
1200894
Adams
1800
528
13172
15152
19370
21378
4192
4740577
2
Centre
1800
1370
5776
12168
15340
24183
4208
1609427
2
Butler
785
3916
7346
10193
14681
2810
106076]
1
Mercer
830
3228
8277
11681
19729
3490
1345175
1
Crawford
66
974
2346
6178
9397
16030
3034
1392970
1
Erie,
60
720
1468
3758
8553
17041
2867
1938301
1
Warren
832
230
827
1976
4697
920
466472
1
Armstrong
941
2399
6143
10324
17625
3257
1100785
1
Indiana
1803
770
6214
8882
14252
2732
886080
Jefferson
1804
1200
161
561
2025
35€
509801
McKean
1442
142
728
1439
307
530080
Clearfield
1425
875
2342
4803
892
682192
Potter
66
1100
29
186
1265
247
472220
Tioga
66
1100
1687
4021
8978
1635
691031
Cambria
66
670
2117
3287
7076
1144
355176
Bradford
1810
1174
11554
19746
3365
1528722
e 2
Susquehannah
1810
800
9960
16787
2594
903375
1
Schuylkill
1811
745
11339
20744
2715
1815263
1
Lehigh
1812
335
18895
22256
4321
4578034
2
Columbia
1813
574
17621
20059
3521
2800000
1
Union
1813
551
18619
20795
3772
2891851
2
Lebanon
1813
288
16988
20557
3563
5185853
1
Pike
1814
772
2894
4843
892
643971
Perry
1820
540
11342
14261
2980
1
43822 134373 602365 810163 1049458 1348233 254182
100
a Including Wayne and Pike. b Including Cambria. c Including Potter and Mckean. d Including Clearfield. e Including Tioga.
The population, taxables and value of the County of Juniata, are included in Miffiin county, of which it formed part.
The apparent diminution in the population of several counties arises from the division of such counties.
The population of the counties as given in the topographical part of the work, was taken from the returns of the Marshals, partly as published in Hazard's Register, and partly from MSS. That given in this table is from the returns as published by Congress. There are many discrepancies arieing, we presume, from errors in adding the columns
in 1828
Assessed value.
No. of
4 6 4 3 89PARep's. !!
Philadelphia Co. 1682
120
25869
39789
57488
80408) 16556
40751787
d 2
Beaver
1800
646
1130
3060
4915
9470
1930
635000
Venango
1114
1
-
10681
13706
18879
3618
2258533
POPULATION BY CENSUS.
35
ROADS.
1534002
The administration of the affairs of the County is confided to three Commission- ers, one of whom is elected annually to serve for three years. Their principal char- ges are, to raise funds for the making of Roads and Bridges, for building and main- taining of houses and prisons for county purposes, for the education of the poor, and in some instances for their support; also, to make contracts for and to su- perintend the execution of the various matters which fall within their province. The Courts. of Quarter Session of the counties, have in most cases a supervisory jurisdiction over the acts of the Commissioners, and unite with them in filling va- cancies which occur in the board. The Commissioners elect a County Treasurer annually, who may not serve more than three years out of six. The accounts of the Commissioners and their Treasurer are settled annually by their Auditors, one of whom is elected yearly, to serve three years. Each county testifies its acts by its appropriate seal.
The Counties are subdivided into Cities, (for cities make, we believe, in every case part of the corporate being of the counties in which they are located) Bor- oughs, and Townships, and each subdivision is governed by its peculiar officers. The cities have their Mayors, Mayor's Courts, Select and Common Councils, Commissioners and High Constables. They are divided into wards, which choose annually each its Constable and Assessors of property for taxation, and Inspect- ors of the elections. The Boroughs have their chief and other Burgesses, Consta- bles, Assessors, Inspectors, Overseers of the poor, &c. The Townships are defi- nite districts of the County, which are formed at the instance of the inhabitants as their convenience may dictate, by the Court of Quarter Session. Each town- ship is a body corporate for many purposes. It elects overseers of the poor, is charged with raising funds for, and maintaining the destitute ; overseers of the roads, whose duty it is to keep in order the highways which do not pertain to other corporations, as turnpikes, &c. ; Assessors, Town Clerks, Constables, &c.
ROADS .- Pennsylvania merits unquestionably the praise of having constructed the first stone turnpike in the Union, and we think also that of having attempted the first canal over one hundred miles in length. The turnpike road from Lan- caster to Philadelphia, 62 miles long, was commenced in the year 1792, and fin- ished in 1794, at the expense of $465,000, by a private company. So early as 1762 it was proposed to connect the waters of Lake Erie and the Ohio with those of the Delaware, by the improvement of the rivers, convenient portages, and in- termediate canals. In prosecution of this great conception, Dr. Rittenhouse and others surveyed and levelled a route for a canal between the waters of the Sus- qvehannah and Schuylkill rivers, by means of the Swatara and Tulpehocken Creeks. But a company was not incorporated for making such a canal until 29th September, 1791. We shall hereafter notice the result of its labors.
Since the year 1792, 220 turnpike companies have been authorized by law. Many of the roads have been executed according to their original conception, others have been curtailed or otherwise modified, and some have been abandon- ed. Turnpike roads however, extend into every part of the state. None have yielded profitable returns to the stockholders by direct dividends, but every one feels that he has been repaid for his expenditures in the improved value of lands, and the economy of business. The roads, particularly such as lead through a populous country, are constructed of stone, others are of earth, all made upon plans which would not now be approved, but which nevertheless enable the tray- eller drawn in a coach by four horses to travel from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, a distance of 303 miles, in 60 hours, and on shorter journies at the rate of from 6 to 7 miles the hour. The law prohibits any angle on these roads greater than 5°, and few roads have steeper ascents than 3 3-4 degrees.
The annexed table, from 1792 to the year 1822, compiled by a committee of the State Senate, exhibits an alphabetical list of the turnpike road companies which have received letters patent,-shows the years in which the roads were severally commenced and completed,-the length contemplated by the respective charters, the number of miles completed prior to 1822,-the amount of subscrip- tions to the capital stock made by individuals, and by the Commonwealth,-the cost of the road per mile, including bridges, &c.,-the subscription price of shares, -the amount of debts of each company.
TURNPIKE ROADS.
When begun.
NAMES OF TURNPIKE ROAD COMPANIES.
Ms. contem com- plated.
Individ val subs.
State subscrip tions.
Cost per mile.
original price of shares.
Debts of the co.
Fin- ished
Miles.
Ms.
Dolls-
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
Dolls.
13
13
39600
10000
3969
100
10000 1813
24
0
12500
9000
25
1815
Bedford and Stoystown
29
29
40400 104000
6211
50
30339 1818
1820
Bellefonte and Philipsburg
29
20
12500
20000
50
6000
1817
Bellmont and Easton .
04
6-1
34200
17500
972 .
50
12235 1821
1821
Bellmont and Ochquaga
18
0
7000
5000
50
1811
Berlin and Hanover
10
10
30700
3200
50
2000 1817
1816
Berks and Dauphin
41
34
63905
29000
3800
50
0600
1812
Bethany and Dingman's choice
50
33
20400
8000
904
50
3352.
1813
Bridgewater and Wilkesbarre
64
36
13500
25000
600
50
1804
Bustleton and Smithfield
8
8
80000
10000
1821
Butler and Mercer
32
6
8750
19666
655
25
1812
Cayuga & Susquehannah (rest in N. Y.) Centre
75
75
62000
80000 1200-3500
50
10000 1814
*
Centre and Kishcoquillas Chambersburg
23
15000
20000
3500
100
2715 1815
1815
Chambersburg and Bedford
55
55
113850 167500 80800
8000
100
1804
1804
Chestnut-Hill and Springbouse
8
8
70000
100
1805
1813
Clifford and Wilkesbarre
43
12
6950
6500
1200 1620
50
1811
1814
Danville
11
11
7000
6 or 700
25
3200 1816
1803
Easton and Wilkesbarre
60
48
60000
12500
1541
50
1815
7 1807
Erie and Waterford
14
14
20502
5000
1571
50
1809
1811
Falmouth
6
6
19200
3200
1811
1803
Frankford and Bristol Gap and Newport
30
30
91000
20000
3666
50
5500 1819
1801
Germantown and Perkiomen
25
25
285000
11987
100
1804
1811
Gettysburg and Black's tavern
23
5
19200
2880
100
1809
Gettysburg and Petersburg
31
31
62000
89000
6 to 7000 4000
100
1808
Hanover and Maryland line
7
7
37500
5350
100 50
11809
1816
Harrisburg, Carlisle, and Chambersburg Harrisburg and Millerstown Hibernia
41
41
25000
40000
2000
50
2000 35009 1821
1805
Lancaster, Elizabeth, and Middletown
26
26
07400
10000
4506 ^
100.
7500 1812
1801
Lancaster and Susquehannah
10
10
48300
5816
300
1803
*
Lewistown and Huntingdon
32
30550
50000
4000
1821
1812
Little Conestogo
21
21
20375
10000|
2523
50
16625 1816
1821
Luzerne and Wayne
26
15300
25
*
Manchester
3
5
15000
3233
8000 1815
1818
Mercer and Meadville
29
20
18025
19666
960
25
6704 1821
1815
Middletown and Harrisburg
9
9
89
67
62250
31000
1300
25
10000 1818 14000
1821
Millerstown and Lewistown
26
5
70000
39500
2000
50
1815
Morgantown, Churchtown, & Blue Ball
10
10
10000
9000
3000
50
4233 1818
1818
New Alexandria and Conemaugh
9
9
10925
16100
3789
50
9038 1820
1813
New Holland
15
10
23000
10000
3200
100
1949
-
*
New Milford and Montrose
29
29
133000
53000
7000
50
56000 1815
1810
Philadelphia, Brandywine & N. London
40
9
33000
15000
3500
50
18000
1821
Philadelphia and Great Bend
63
15000
12000
7500
1794
1820
Philipsburg and Susquehannah Pickering creek
19
19
6500
16000
1245
50
2500 1821
1820
Pittsburg and Butler
30
20
11500
19000
1020
25
1819
Pittsburg and New Alexandria
28
28
22900
48360
50
10234 1821
1818
Pittsburg and Steubenville
28
5 +
30000
12000
5150
50
1812
Ridge
24
24
90000
25000
7500
50
*
Ridley (law expired)
21
5
4080
10000|
4597
50
600
1818
33
15
40000
12500
3000
50
6238
1817
Somerset and Mount Pleasant
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